failure 的核心是「本应成功/运作的东西没达到预期」。可以是人(a failure as a leader)、系统(engine failure)、行动(the failure of the negotiation)、或抽象目标(failure to meet the deadline)。共同点:有一个「预期应该达到的状态」,然后「没达到」。
释义
1
n.失败,未成功
The project ended in failure due to poor planning.
由于规划不善,这个项目以失败告终。
2
n.故障,失灵(机器、器官、系统)
The power failure left thousands of homes without electricity.
这次电力故障让数千户家庭断电。
3
n.失职,未能履行(后接 to do)
His failure to respond was seen as an admission of guilt.
他未能回应一事被视为默认有罪。
语感
failure 是「缺口」——本该合上的地方没合上
失败故障失灵失职
义项三「failure to do」是高考高频考点,直接翻译成「未能做……」:failure to meet the requirements will result in disqualification(未能满足要求将导致取消资格)。注意:failure 可以接不定式(failure to act),但 fail 接不定式表示「没能做到」,两者搭配相同但 failure 是名词形式,常作主语。另外区分 failure(失败的过程/结果)和 defeat(在竞争中被打败):the failure of the talks vs. a defeat in the election。
陷阱
⚠️failure vs. defeat:失败过程 vs. 被对手打败
The team's failure in the championship match disappointed their fans.