include 来自拉丁语 includere(关入,闭合在内)。核心:描述「整体包含某个部分」。与 contain(里面装着)的区别在于:include 强调「作为成员或组成部分被划进来」,contain 强调「在内部空间里装着」。
释义
1
v.包括,包含(作为组成部分)
The tour package includes flights, hotel, and breakfast.
旅行套餐包括机票、酒店和早餐。
2
v.将……纳入,使成为一部分
The committee decided to include student representatives in the discussion.
委员会决定将学生代表纳入讨论。
语感
include = 划进了圈子里——是整体的一个组成成员
包括包含纳入含有
include 和 contain 都能翻译「包含」,但含义不同。include 描述「成员/部分关系」,强调某事物是整体的组成成员;contain 描述「内容/空间关系」,强调里面装着某种物质或内容。The list includes five countries(名单的成员里有五个国家)vs. The bottle contains water(瓶子里装着水)。注意:including 作介词用(including tax,含税)是高考高频考点。
陷阱
⚠️include vs. contain:成员关系 vs. 内容关系
The report contains detailed statistics on unemployment rates.
✗
contains 和 includes 在此通用
✓
统计数字是报告的「内容」,装在报告里,用 contains;如果说报告的「组成部分」,才用 includes(The report includes a statistical analysis section.)
报告包含了关于失业率的详细统计数据。(内容关系 → contain)
⚠️including 介词:举例,不是「全部列举」
✗
The class has ten students, including Tom, Jerry, and all the others.
(逻辑矛盾)班级有十名学生,包括汤姆、杰瑞以及其他所有人。
including 用于举部分例子,暗示后面是代表性成员;不能再跟「and all the others」,会逻辑矛盾
✓
The class has ten students, including Tom and Jerry.
班级有十名学生,包括汤姆和杰瑞(举部分例)。
近义辨析
includevscontain
include成员关系,某部分被划入整体contain内容关系,某物质或内容在内部空间里
The curriculum includes subjects such as science, history, and art.
课程包括科学、历史和艺术等科目。
This protein bar contains 20 grams of protein per serving.
这款蛋白棒每份含有20克蛋白质。
写作加分
✨ 加分词
替换:havewith
介绍性段落举例论证
普通
The program has many activities for students.
该项目为学生提供了许多活动。
加分 ✨
The program includes hands-on workshops, mentoring sessions, and international exchange opportunities.
该项目包括实践工作坊、导师辅导和国际交流机会。
为什么更好:includes + 具体列举比 has + activities 更清晰具体,直接展示组成部分
常用搭配
include ... in将……纳入……
including包括(介词,举部分例子)
not included不含,不在内
included in the price包含在价格中
everything included全包
词根
in(在里面)+ clude(关闭,如 exclude 排除)→ 关在里面 = 包含
考考你
Q1近义选词
选择最恰当的词填空:
This energy drink ___ high levels of caffeine and sugar, which may pose health risks.
Aincludes
Bcontains
✓ 这款功能饮料含有高浓度咖啡因和糖分,可能对健康构成风险。
饮料里「装着」化学物质,是内容关系,用 contains;includes 强调成员/组成部分关系
Q2对错判断
判断下面句子里 including 的用法是否正确:
The festival attracted thousands of visitors, including tourists from Europe, Asia, and everywhere else.
节日吸引了数千名游客,包括来自欧洲、亚洲以及其他所有地方的游客。
✓ 正确版本
The festival attracted thousands of visitors, including tourists from Europe and Asia.
节日吸引了数千名游客,包括来自欧洲和亚洲的游客(举部分例子)。
including 用于举部分例子;「everywhere else」与 including 的「举部分」逻辑矛盾
Q3翻译应用
用 include 翻译下面句子(可参考 writing_upgrade 字段的搭配):
一个完整的健康生活方式应该包括均衡饮食、规律锻炼和充足睡眠。
A complete healthy lifestyle should include a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep.